They are elements of public or private services designated by the states and are composed of trained personnel and provided with appropriate equipment (including appropriate communication equipment). SAR operations are conducted by SAR units. ATS units, SAR units, the regional COSPAS SARSAT Mission Control Centre, etc.). They are typically staffed 24 hours a day by trained personnel proficient in the use of the language used for radiotelephony communications and have means of rapid and reliable two-way communication with appropriate units and facilities (e.g. The provision of SAR is organised by rescue coordination centers (RCCs). Also, arrangements are made so that aircraft, vessels and local services (which are not part of the SAR organization) cooperate in search and rescue efforts and assist the survivors of aircraft accidents. Based on such coordination (and subject to relevant national law), a state would permit immediate entry into its territory of search and rescue units of other states for the purpose of searching for the site of aircraft accidents and rescuing survivors. Nevertheless, neighboring states are required to develop common SAR plans and procedures to facilitate the coordination of these operations. These regions do not overlap and normally coincide with the corresponding flight information regions (FIRs). It is therefore often performed by agencies other than ANSPs (although close cooperation with the ATS units is ensured by the establishment of relevant procedures).Įach state defines the regions within which SAR service is provided. The SAR service, while related to the alerting service, is not part of the air traffic services (ATS), as it does not fulfill any of the ATS objectives as defined by ICAO. The basic elements include a legal framework, a responsible authority, organized available resources, communication facilities and a workforce skilled in coordination and operational functions. Search and rescue (SAR) is a service is provided to survivors of aircraft accidents as well as aircraft in distress (and their occupants). The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a United Nations agency that technically assists ICAO in the development of specific meteorological standards and procedures for aviation and personnel training. Surveillance systems are used by air traffic control to determine the position of aircraft.Īviation Meteorology is the field of meteorology applied to aviation that aims to contribute to the guarantee of safety standards, economy and efficiency of flights.ĭuring the Chicago Conference in November 1944, in which the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) originated, it was established that member countries maintain a meteorological service in order to provide users with information on the atmospheric conditions necessary for the safety of air operations. air navigation, refers to the process of planning, recording, and controlling the movement of an aircraft from one place to another by providing accurate, reliable and seamless position determination capability. For continental airspace, VHF (civil) and UHF (military) systems are used whereas for oceanic areas, high-frequency systems and SATCOMs are used. aviation communication refers to communication between two or more aircraft, the exchange of data or verbal information between aircraft and air traffic control and the ground-based communication infrastructure of the ATM network (like the aeronautical fixed service). Communication Navigation Surveillance (CNS)Ĭommunication, navigation and surveillance (CNS) are the three main functions that form the infrastructure for air traffic management and ensure that air traffic is safe and efficient.Ĭommunication, i.e. It is the aggregation of the airborne and ground-based functions (air traffic services, airspace management and air traffic flow management) required to ensure the safe and efficient movement of aircraft during all phases of operations.
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